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Canopy (grape)
In viticulture, the canopy of a grapevine includes the parts of the vine visible aboveground - the trunk, cordon, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit. The canopy plays a key role in light energy capture via photosynthesis, water use as regulated by transpiration, and microclimate of ripening grapes.〔Smart, R., and M. Robinson. 1991. ''Sunlight Into Wine; A Handbook for Wine Grape Canopy Arrangement''. WineTitles, Adelaide. ISBN 978-1-875130-10-8〕 Canopy management is an important aspect of viticulture due to its effect on grape yields, quality, vigor, and the prevention of grape diseases. Various viticulture problems, such as uneven grape ripening, sunburn, and frost damage, can be addressed by skillful canopy management.〔Skelton, S. 2007. ''Viticuluture: An Introduction to Commercial Grape Growing for Wine Production''. Lulu.com. ISBN 0-9514703-1-0, ISBN 978-0-9514703-1-2〕〔Weiss, S.B., D.C. Luth, and B. Guerra. 2003. Potential solar radiation in a VSP trellis at 38°N latitude. ''Practical Winery and Vineyard'' 25:16-27.〕 In addition to pruning and leaf trim, the canopy is often trained on trellis systems to guide its growth and assist in access for ongoing management and harvest.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 134-135 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
==Vine==
The vine is the main part of the grapevine, extending from the root system in the ground up to the cordons, or arms, of the vine. When the grape is young the trunk is very pliable and must be supported by stakes as part of a vine training system. The height of the trunk varies depending on grape variety and the type of trellis system being used and can range from 4 inches (10 cm) to 30 feet (10 m). During winter dormancy, the trunk can be vulnerable to extreme freezing conditions and will be sometimes buried and insulated with soil to protect it.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 714 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
The trunk is composed of sleeves of conductive tissue-most notably the phloem and xylem. The outside bark of the vine contains the phloem tissues which transports sap, enriched by sugars and other molecules, from the leaves to the rest of the vine. During the annual growth cycle of the grapevine, the vine will start to store carbohydrate energy in the wood part of the trunk and roots. The downward passage of phloem sap to the roots and this storing process can be interrupted by the viticultural practice of "girdling" or cincturing the vine. This process can improve fruit set by forcing the vine to direct most of its energy towards developing the grape clusters. The xylem is the woody tissue on the inside of the trunk that moves sap, enriched with water, minerals and other compounds, up from the roots to the leaves.〔
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